Communication skills in a group interaction Essay

Communication is one of the most imperative things of being a human being. If we were not able to communicate, we would not be able to interact with others; therefore we would most likely be unsuccessful in leading our lives to their full potential. There are two types of communication, which are verbal and non verbal. So we can use our voice along with non verbal communication like your eyes, gestures and voice tone to name a few. Everything that we do can give off a positive or negative vibe about yourself, which could potentially enhance or worsen communication. LOOKING AT EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION The job of a health and social care worker is to enhance the quality of people’s lives. They must allow the clients to be in control and independent. This is why it is imperative that care workers are aware of what demands the clients have on them, and the appropriate communication skills they need to use to improve their life. Abraham Maslow theory which said ‘the goal of ones life was person growth’ would show that everyone should aim to develop their own ability and potential. However, before this stage can take place there are such things which need to be taken into account, the main thing would be ‘deficiency needs’. see more:explain how distress may affect the way an individual communicates These have been put into a pyramid which is shown below: It is important for any health and social worker to posses certain vital skills. They need to understand how important it is to communicate and interact with other, along with knowing and understanding their own individual needs. Basically Maslow (1) theory is explaining how an individual person should strive to develop their individual ability and potential. Before the individual can develop their own potential the levels in the pyramid will need to be met. This deficiency needs play a role in fulfilling individual needs, and it is therefore it is imperative that social and health workers are fully aware of these deficiency needs. Communication that takes place in an early years setting has to that of a high standard to enhance the potential of the clients, especially when working with children because they tend to pick up on things much easier. Therefore teachers need to be trained, so they are fully aware of all their communication skills they use, this even means from the way they dress to the manner in which they speak to the children. Everything has to be adapted to the client’s level, like the manner in which they talk. Usually they would talk with some degree of difficult language; however they simply cannot talk to the children how they would a fellow member of staff. They constantly need to change from one role to another, and they need to make sure that this does not become mixed up. COMMUNICATION WITHIN A GROUP SITUATION Communication skills within a group interaction are just as imperative as communication on a one to one basis. A set of people in today’s language is considered as a ‘group’. A member of a group may posses the sense of belonging and this gives the members of a particular group and ‘group feeling’. This group feeling is sometimes known and described as a group identity. This occurs in a caring, or working situation where people belong together and would identify the as belonging in a group. There are two types of groups, primary and secondary, which have been identified by social scientists. The is thought that a primary group of people are that of people who know each other and feel that they belong together while as the secondary group is people who only have something in common. A primary group in care tend to share the subsequent features; Some groups require a lot of team leadership or effort before they are able to work well together; however there are groups, which naturally come together, and this enables them to work well. There have been many theorists, which have studied the way people start to work together. People need to get to know each other and learn about them before a group can have a sense of belonging. It is also thought that ever group goes through a period in which the group struggles before they unite and work effectively together. One of the well-known theorists in which to explain the stages was that of Tuckman (1965). Tuckman suggests that most groups go through a process involving four stages before they can become effective. (1) * Forming- this is the first stage of group formation. The introductory stage is most likely to happen when group members first get together. There may be some people who are unsure of the reasons why they are attending the meeting and the purpose of the group may not be clear and at times prejudice and stereotyping may occur and be expressed within this stage. Storming – within the group a ‘power struggle’ may occur, this is where individuals will contest against each other for the role of leader of the group. Arguments may occur over how the group should work, who should perform certain tasks. Some groups can fail within stage two or individuals within this group may decide to leave as the do not feel comfortable within the group. Within a working group, this can occur and staff will sometimes refuse to communicate with certain members of the group, this is known as group storming. Norming – common beliefs or norms can be developed within the group at this stage. People are now beginning to trust each other more and have now developed clear roles for each other. Norms are the shared expectations of the group on one another. These norms enable the group to be able to work together. * Performing – the group can now start to perform well because the group shares the same values and norms. People may feel that they are comfortable and belong to the group, and the group morale may be high, which contributes positively to the group. GROUP SEATING PLANS: Sometimes it is noticeable on the way in which the group sits are stands to whether it is in it ‘performing stage’ or it is working as a successful interaction as a group. If you are working within a group discussion it is imperative that all the participants of that interaction are made aware of one another and they can see and hear all the other participants. This is why the circle is one of the favourable seating patterns because all the participants’ faces can be seen in this structure and the body language is clearer. This can help to promote the interaction and skills used within the communication. Being seated within a circle may sometimes suggest to the participants that everyone is equal to each other. However there are many other seating patterns which can be structured in a way to suit specific interactions. For example a carer or teacher may like to sit within the circle half way, or in the front of a half circle. This will give out the message that all of the participants are equal however the carer or teacher will be taking the lead role of the interaction. MY GROUP INTERACTION: Where my interaction took place: For my group communication, I have decided to revisit my school which I had previously looked at whilst doing communication skills within an early year setting. My school that I will be revisiting is Buxton County Primary school. I would like to do my group communication with class 2 because I feel that it is an appropriate task to do with them, although I think that reception class is a bit too young. My interaction took place with 6 pupils, within class time. I decided to make Thank you cards with them, because it was just after Christmas and I feel that this task is suitable. Purpose of my interaction: The purpose of my group interaction with the group was to promote interaction between the pupils and also with the members of the group. I am also looking to show an observer some of the communication skills I have learnt, and also to show that they are valuable and in a group situation, successful. The group were working together to produce Thank you cards for their family, and sharing their ideas to help others. I wanted the children to be able to help each other to make the cards and choosing the individual materials, which were needed to make their cards. I also would like to make this a fun activity for the children, in which they will get some learning experience out of too. I am also hoping that the pupils will be willing to ask me questions about the activity and that I will be able to give sufficient answers. Mrs Paterson (the classroom teacher) decided to choose five pupils in which I was going to work on my selected activity with. Mrs Paterson said that she chose children which she knew had previously worked together, and have been successful in interacting with each other. I think that this would be quite helpful for me because there was a smaller likelihood of misbehaving in the interaction. Setting and layout: My interaction took place within the year 2 classroom at Buxton Primary School. I decided to do it within class time, so there were no irregularities to the children’s timetable. The classroom was brightly coloured, with lots of pictures, posters, art work, cards and writing the children had done themselves.

Bend Oregon

The name bend was derived from â€Å"Farewell Bend†. This designation was used by the early pioneer that refers to the Deschutes River, where the town is platted. Deschutes country, Oregon is the principal city of Bend Oregon, Metropolitan statistical area. The population was 52,029 at the 2000 census and has grown to over 75,290 as of 2006. It is located at the edge of Ponderosa pine Forrest as it transferred to high dessert plateau, characterized by junipers, sagebrush, bitter-brush and little water.Tourism is one of Bends largest sectors. The cascade lakes are large draw for tourists. Some of the recreational activities include downhill and cross country skiing, hiking, biking, rafting, golfing, camping, fishing and more. Bend also a home to the Deschutes Brewery; the largest in the city. It has also hosted the Bend film Festival bend film. Bend was previously the only metropolitan area west Mississippi without a public bus system. Funding was acquired and bus service began on a limited basis.In terms of their government, they appointed commissioners assigned to its respective duties. There are various board of commission which includes Code of professional conduct committee shall monitor new and revised AICPA Interpretations and rulings. Next is the State Board of Agriculture led by Chairman Bernie Faber. It has three-fold mission: food safety and consumer protection; protecting the natural resources base: and marketing agricultural products.There are also a commission in alcohol and Drug abuse, appraiser certification and training council, arts commission, architect examiners, Asian affairs, asset forfeiture oversight advisory committee, Board of athletic Trainers and lastly the aviation board. In the present year, infrastructures and top companies are growing and expanding, proving that Oregon has a well established economy.

Tanglewood Stores and Staffing Strategy

TANGLEWOOD STORES AND STAFFING STRATEGY Tanglewood has a unique culture that emphasizes â€Å"straight talk,† employee participation, and teamwork which helps to differentiate it from most of its major competitors. Following the recent period of rapid expansion and acquisition, the company must consolidate its human resources strategy to ensure that this culture is not lost. Recommendations to achieve this goal are as follows. STAFFING RECOMMENDATIONS Acquire or Develop TalentNow that Tanglewood is slowing their acquisition of new stores, it’s recommended that they develop existing talent for management positions working hard to instill the company’s unique values into recently acquired employees. Tanglewood is known for their employee input and contributions. Developing from within will increase productivity of the workforce; when employees believe that there are opportunities for advancement they are usually more motivated to achieve the organizational goals. F or non-managerial positions, it will be necessary to acquire talent from outside the company.In order to support the mission statement, the company should acquire employees who are able to provide a high level of customer service and who are knowledgeable about the products and services that they are selling. Hire Yourself or Outsource Tanglewood requires employees to have a comprehensive understanding of products as well as local knowledge. Given the company’s emphasis on exceptional customer service and the need to firmly establish the Tanglewood culture during this time of transition, it’s recommended that the hiring process remain in-house.Internal staff who can effectively evangelize company culture should be responsible for screening candidates. I External or Internal Hiring It’s recommended that management level staff be hired internally in order to facilitate the dissemination of Tanglewood’s culture. Hiring from within can instill a sense of belo nging and encourages employees to understand how their best interests align with those of the company. Providing room for advancement can serve as motivation and encourage long-term thinking. This mode of thinking is beneficial to the company and helps it to maintain the family-oriented environment.However, given the recent rapid growth, internal human resources may not be able to keep up with staffing demand. When necessary, external hiring should be leveraged to support rapid growth, increase diversity, and bring in new perspectives. Core or Flexible Workforce Given Tanglewood’s â€Å"team† philosophy, a core workforce composed of both full and part-time employees is recommended. A core workforce is also most appropriate given the company’s niche market with a unique company culture which differentiates it from competitors.While the potential cost savings of a flexible workforce may be attractive, this advantage is outweighed by the cost of additional training and reduced employee investment in the success of the company. Tanglewood’s knowledgeable workforce is a source of competitive advantage which would be lost with a flexible, less committed workforce. Hire or Retain Because of Tanglewood’s emphasizes on employee suggestions and contributions, the company should continue retain employees in order to preserve the company’s unique culture and values over time.Although occasionally hiring outside the company is inevitable, it’s recommended that Tanglewood develop a retention plan in order to reduce employee turnover and associated costs incuding hiring and training expenses, productivity loss, lost customers, diminished business, and damaged morale among remaining members of the workforce. National or Global Currently, Tanglewood’s 12 divisions are national with operations centered on the west coast. For the short-term, the company should continue to peruse a national staffing strategy for these stores .Although there is cost savings potential in globally outsourcing customer service, technical support, database administration and other tasks, doing so may hurt quality and ultimately run counter to Tanglewood’s core values. Attract or Relocate Tanglewood should focus on attracting employees that fit its niche market. Employees may better serve customers by having local knowledge such as the best hiking routes, bike trails, camp sites; etc. Generally, the retail industry doesn’t require a highly specialized or task-specific workforce and so the company should be able to attract the talent it needs locally.Overstaff or Understaff Tanglewood should continue to overstaff. There is currently an abundance of department managers and assistant mangers that may at times border on surplus. However, Tanglewood can benefit by having a stockpile of talent by ensuring smooth succession in case of turnover, retirement or promotion. Overstaffing also ensures that trained staff is av ailable during peak seasonal periods to ensure quality and the superior customer experience that consistent with the company’s values.Short- or Long-Term Focus Tanglewood has emphasized employee participation and teams since its inception and one of the most important cultural elements of the organization is the commitment to straight talk in all areas of business. Because the corporate staffing function has not been strong, in the short-term, Tanglewood should seek is to implement new policies and procedures that will centralize the human resources staffing strategy and create staffing operations efficiencies.Once urgent-short term goals are met, the company’s ongoing focus should be long-term in order to allow the company to invest in its employees and help them to live up to the Tanglewood standard. Time spent on training and interviews can be costly if Tanglewood adopted a short-term approach. Though turnover is still a reality, being overstaffed will address immed iate turnover issues. STAFFING QUALITY Person/ Job or Person/ Organization Match It’s recommended that Tanglewood adopt a Person/Organization Match approach to the hiring process.It’s important that the company choose individuals who understand the core values and philosophy of the company; meaning choosing individuals who meet the needs of the organization. Retail job skills can be taught but strong values, teamwork, and a passion for customer service are more difficult to teach. Focusing on organization rather than job fit will also support the company’s Develop, Internal, and Retention strategies. Specific or General KSAOs Tanglewood should lean towards general KSAOs because it requires a focus on â€Å"flexibility and adaptability, ability to learn, written and oral communication skills, and algebra/statistics. General KSAOs competencies such as communication skills, the ability to learn, and the ability to adapt quickly are important characteristics for a potential employee to work well within the organization and be successful in whatever role they play within the company. Exceptional or Acceptable Workforce Quality The company is advised to pursue an exceptional workforce quality in order to best meet the needs of its customers and further the strategy differentiation.Having exceptional workforce quality means hiring associates that will be passionate about Tanglewood and providing excellent customer service. This strong customer service focus will encourage repeat visits to the store and allow the company to stand out among the competition by being a customer favorite. An exceptional workforce is required to achieve the mission statement and â€Å"be the best department store for customers seeking quality, durability, and value for all aspects of their active lives. † Active or Passive Diversity Tanglewood should actively strive for a diverse environment.The company should work hard to build a workforce that reflects the co mmunities in which the stores are located by working with organizations throughout the community to hire a diverse workforce that is fair to gender, race, and age. Organizations employing a diverse workforce can supply a greater variety of solutions to problems in service, sourcing, and allocation of resources. Employees from diverse backgrounds bring individual talents and experiences in suggesting ideas that are flexible in adapting to fluctuating markets and customer demands.CONCLUSION Tanglewood’s future success depends on many factors. During this period of consolidation, staffing strategy is especially critical. By setting challenging goals and crushing them, the company can establish a motivated, passionate workforce that embodies Tanglewood’s core values and propagates its unique culture. By following the recommendations above, Tanglewood can position itself as providing an exceptional environment for both employees and customers.

Germany during WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Germany during WWII - Essay Example World War I was seen as the main driving force behind strengthening of capitalism since it war economy was seen as the best way to "create a German Gemeinschaft in the service of the national welfare" (Feldman 1981: 164). However after suiffering defeat in the war, people became rather skeptic of capoitalsm and a need for reconstruction of induytsrial base arose. The traumatic Versailles Treaty further dampened the hopes for a more liberalized economy in Weimar Germany. According to the main proponents of capitalism, this system can survive where political economic stability is present. However this was not the case in Germany, especially not after the World War I though some relative peace was seen from 1924-1928. Still the conditions for prospering of capitalism were not present since the political structure of Weimar Republic was very fragile at the time. Despite this obvious problem, there was present in Germany, groups that wanted capitalism to exist and supported incorporation of large firms into economic system of the country. Such a step was however against common wisdom but since it was not possible to give up capitalism immediately, Germany continued with the system- much to everyone's surprise. The German Democratic party (DDP) was one such liberal political group. The other problem was the presence of weak Spcialist parties. The Socilaits parties did not have a strong agenda and their principles could be easily altered. Political considerations were thus more powerful than common economic wisdom. Weimar government was not wise in this sense and while it knew that capitalism could hurt the country, it didn't pay heed to the economic forces that govern economic climate. Sturmer best describes the political instability in these words: [T]here were in the Reichstag different kinds of majorities, namely a majority for the conduct of foreign policy, a majority for social policy, and majorities based on agrarian and industrial interests; but these majorities were mostly incompatible with one another. Consequently, with no solid majority in existence in the Reichstag, there was neither consistent government, nor consistent opposition (Strmer 1971: 62). It is important to understand why Weimar Republic still wanted a capitalist economy. It was not for the same reasons that rest of the Europe had adopted it. When economic situation reached an all time low in 1919 and millions of demoralized soldiers returned to Germany after the defeat, it was important to find a quick solution to the problem. Economic conditions may not have been as worse as they were in other countries but workers were still suffering and economy on the whole was fragile. Thus the corporatist system emerged from a desire to restore order and to regain some of the old prestige: "[T]o a disciplined and methodical nation like the Germans, the most obvious means to recoup its losses seemed to lie in improved organization, which should obviate the wastage of production caused by inefficiency or unnecessary competition" (Scheele 1945: 164). Sticking with the old economic system appeared to be the best solution for recouping losses. Throughout the period of 1918 to 1933, Weimar Germany's economic system worked on inflationary policies. Even though some revolutionary socialist ideals were introduced, they were quickly taken over by capitalist greed. For example initially Friedrich Ebert's introduction of the

Futures Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Futures Speech - Essay Example 42). In addition, Double M’s marketing aims to attain a 96 percent excellent customer service ranking every month. Marketing communication aims to create an interest among the customers and increase the company market share. In essence, the interest will be created through informing them about the benefits of Double M. This will encourage the target audience to use Double M transport services. The communications will attain their objectives through offering discounts and other incentives to prospective customers and refocusing its service range in high margin areas. In addition, Double M will introduce customer relationship management to engage its customers and clients and obtain feedback from customers. Double M’s communication tactics will include intensified advertising campaigns through the search engines, the local television and radio stations, magazines and newspapers. In addition, the Double M will produce discount coupons and distribute them to the prospective customers. Nonetheless, Double M will provide free road safety and driver’s seminars to employees in large organizations and families. Lastly, Double M will sponsor an advertisement that aims to sensitize the public on road safety and the significant role that each should play in reducing road

Qualitive Critique Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Qualitive Critique - Article Example However, as mentioned above that non probability sampling is more visible in the text, thus is applied the method seems apt for the study. f) Nothing specific about the demographic characteristics have been mentioned, apart from the fact that the profession chosen by respondents is ‘nursing’. No information regarding income, age, gender differentiation as such is provided. i) Yes the potential sampling biases have been identified, segregating the same into different concepts of manifest and latent content. However no exact biasness for selecting particular group of nurses has been mentioned. a) The research clearly defines the kind of data collected from respondents that includes ‘the images of the nursing profession’ and ‘the reasons for choosing nursing as a profession’. The data was collected through respondent’s interaction during classroom session; the respondent himself collected the data at the college level in the classroom. Exact time and date of the data collected is not mentioned though in the study. a) The research lacks a grounded platform as no signs of data collection methods have been indicated. Detailed description of data collection method is not evident from the analysis done, however a slight mention of narrative gathered through respondents is made in the study. b) In this study surely data analysis technique is focused but no details regarding data collection method is cited. The research questions are qualitative in nature, but the testing of the data collection tool, that is whether it is through questionnaire or observation or interview method cannot be defended. c) Certainly a physiological method would have been of great help in this study specifically where narrative strategy is used for data analysis and the author has also attached a self report defining the procedure in which the content analysis was undertaken. d) As such no particular

Take Ways from Leadership Skills Speech or Presentation

Take Ways from Leadership Skills - Speech or Presentation Example A concluding portion would highlight relevant concepts and lessons learned from the essay. Take ways from Leadership Skills Leadership is an important component in the existence, survival and functioning of any group or organization. Many organizations have been aware of the fact that their success is greatly dependent upon the quality and effectiveness of this dimension. As an organization grows in size and complexity, the requirements for an efficient and effective leadership multiply. In this regard, the essay aims to define leadership using one’s own words and to indicate what components or elements are involved in leadership. Further, the discourse would describe the different leadership theories in simple words. In conjunction with the discussion of the leadership theories, one would present a theoretical application in one’s workplace (convenience store) through the provision of an example. Finally, one’s personal view on the best leadership skills and a d escription of the follower's role in leadership process would be proffered. A concluding portion would highlight relevant concepts and lessons learned from the essay. Definition of Leadership The term ‘leadership’ has received various definitions and explanations depending on the perceptions, experiences and understandings of those who discuss it. One’s personal definition of leadership sees it as an act or behavior manifested by a person possessing qualities and traits that enable that person to influence others into achieving a well defined goal. At the simplest, leadership have three key elements: leader, followers and the situation (Martires & Fule, 2004). To determine what leadership involves, one must take into consideration various points of views. From the view point of the leader, there are skills and traits that are commonly manifested and exemplified by leaders. According to Martires & Fule (2004), leadership is at once personal, interpersonal, and sit uational. But it can be viewed from one perspective at a time. At the personal level, traits and skills are highlighted. At the interpersonal level, style comes to the fore. Finally, at the situational level, the contingent nature of leadership manifests itself. Murray Ross and Charles Hendry drew a personality profile of effective leaders from many tests conducted to identify leadership traits. In general, they found that effective leaders have attibutes as follows: (1) self-confident, well-integrated, and emotionally stable; (2) warm, sensitive, and sympathetic toward other people and give practical, helpful suggestions; (3) intelligent in relation to the gorup members; (4) identify with the goals and values of the groups they lead; (5) want to take leadership responsibility and are competent in handling new situations; (6) can be relied on to perform leadership functions consistently; and (7) in elected or public positions, usually possess more enthusiasm and capacity for express ion than other types of leaders (Ross & Hendry, 1957). On the other hand, various skills are exhibited by leaders as essentially described by Henry Mitzberg, to wit: (1) skills of introspection; (2) entrepreneurial skills; (3) conflict-resolution skills; (4) peer skills; (5) information-processing skills; (6) skills in unstructured decision-making; and (7) resourse generation and allocation skills (Mitzberg, 1973). Leadership Theories There are diverse leadership theories that evolved through the years

Ethics and Virtue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics and Virtue - Essay Example And this is considered to be more important than the manners and behaviors. Socrates was one of the first Greek philosophers and he did a great work for mankind. According to him people should be well aware of the facts of life, hence they should attain self-knowledge, and after attaining self-knowledge, it will be easier and natural for them to do what is good and to avoid doing the wrong deeds. As he said that evil or ghastly actions are the result of ignorance and unawareness, even if a criminal or a sinner is really aware of the results of his actions and deeds, he would never ever do anything bad. And a person, who is aware of good and bad, tries to do the good things and always tries to stop doing the wrong and bad things. And Socrates associated knowledge with virtue, and virtue is directly associated with pleasure and happiness, a man, who truly knows the difference between right and wrong and is familiar with virtue will never do anything bad, and will always try to do good things which will make him happy and will add pleasure in his life (Sahakia n, Ideas of the Great Philosophers. pp 32-33). Aristotle was a famous philosopher, and according to him, ethical system is "self-realizationism". He gave an idea that when a person acts according to his nature and his true self, then he will do well and will be happy with doing it. He said that unhappiness and frustration develops the unrealized potential or prospective of a person, and it further leads to the failure of achieving goals in life, which increases the frustration inside the man. He emphasized on the idea that every person acts in accordance with his or her nature and it is the only way to live a happy life, all the facilities of life and also the moral values are dependent on this. So the self-realization is more necessary and helps in other aspects of life. Like Socrates, he also emphasized on the self-awareness, which will make the person realize his true self and will help him in making decisions. And he said that man should not only live, but should live well with behaviors, which are directed by the moderate v irtue, and the concept of virtue is same as given by the Socrates. "Virtue denotes doing the right thing, to the right person, at the right time, to the proper extent, in the correct fashion, for the right reason." (Sahakian, Ideas of the Great Philosophers. pp 32-33). Describing ethics in people behavior is not so difficult, because it is the way that people behave. People usually say that they think of the things, which are bad, and they know this properly. Despite knowing that the act is wrong, they will keep on doing it and will never realize that they are doing the same thing, which they think is wrong. For example, almost all the people agree that stealing is wrong and many people agree that it is a crime, but they still download hundreds of songs, in the format of .mp3, audio or even different images from the web, which is not legal

Measurement of intellectual capital Annotated Bibliography

Measurement of intellectual capital - Annotated Bibliography Example The article entitled â€Å"Measuring for managing?† An IC Practice Case Study is written in order to highlight the success of the governmental organization which was operating with the name of Lands in terms of implementing practices of managing intellectual capital and it used a case study approach to investigate the issue. The organizational management was laughed at and they were ruthlessly judged as chasers of an elusive practice but at the end of the day, the underdogs had emerged as victorious because they had a vision and they believed in it and their performance showed to the world that they are indeed successful. The organizations learn as humans do and they have to create neural networks and data banks in order to retain their learning. With the help of modern psychology, it can be established that humans work out their way in lives by applying their experiences which are known to get stored in the nuclides of their brains. However, organizations go through various types of experiences on a daily basis and their exposures and logs are recorded in infrastructure of information technology. The employees access the databases in order to learn how to manage certain situations whereas; they regularly update them with their experiences as well so that future learning can be facilitated. This article is useful for me in proving worth of my research topic as an applied concept. The next article which has a working title of â€Å"Intellectual capital measurement: a critical approach† highlighted the fact that the companies are working with less than effective means of measuring IC’s effectiveness because they are focusing on financial gains which are associated with organizational learning and it uses a case development methodology. However, this paper does not go well with the abovementioned article because humans do not believe in what they cannot see. The businesses measure success in monetary terms

3-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3-1 - Essay Example As listed by Jackson-Cherry and Erford (2014), the common symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorders and Acute Stress Disorder include palpitations, nausea, headaches, muscle tension, fatigue and increased consumption of alcohol and use of other mood altering substances. Other symptoms are reduced concentration, anxiety, impatience, forgetfulness, rumination, preoccupation, irritability, anger, nightmares, intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, detachment, dissociation and depression. The listed symptoms are actually the diagnostic criteria for the conditions. The difference that separates ASD from PTSD attributes to time when either occurs. As elaborated by Jackson-Cherry and Erford (2014), diagnosis of ASD is possible if the related symptoms occur within a month of traumatic experience. Diagnosis of PTSD is possible if traumatic condition or experience occurred one month earlier before manifestation of the symptoms. In addition, PTSD is chronic if the symptoms persist for over three month s. With reference to the above analysis, Maryam’s situation relates to Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). This is due to the fact and understanding that Maryam began displaying traumatic symptoms such as anxiety, sleeplessness, nausea and increased use of alcohol and related substances before the setting in of the actual trauma. The real trauma occurred later and manifested through inability to drive car, concentrate in class and regrets for making a terrible mistake that almost led to loss of life of her passengers. Furthermore, trauma evidenced through occurrence and expression of suicidal thoughts to deal with perceived stupidity and inferiority that led to

The importance of Cromwells military role Essay Example for Free

The importance of Cromwells military role Essay Using these four passages and your own knowledge, assess the view that the importance of Cromwell’s military role in the Civil War has been exaggerated. Oliver Cromwell was born in 1599 into a middle class gentry family in Huntingdon. He began his career as a Member of Parliament for Cambridge in 1628; he went on to fight in the Civil War as part of the Parliamentarian army, with a number of roles as he rose through the ranks from captain to lieutenant-general. Cromwell fought in numerous battles with great success and was seen to have had great military and leadership skills. In my opinion, I believe that Cromwell’s military role in the Civil War was not exaggerated; the further analysis and evaluation of the passages will help me to prove this view. One view of Cromwell’s military role would agree that the importance he held was a result of his unusual military approach and his characteristics. The approaches that he used made him stand out as they were seen as ‘unique’. Interpretation C states ‘he raised such men as had the fear of God before them and made them conscience of what they did’. This relates to Cromwell’s use of religion within his cavalry as he was a devout Puritan himself. He believed that he was undertaking God’s work and saw every military victory as being won with the help of God. The use of religion would have been a strong motivation for any of the troops, which made them differ from any other cavalry at the time. Another Interpretation that shares evidence of this is Interpretation D as it states ‘he seems to have been instinctively aware that, in war, moral forces can far outweigh the physical’. This belief in God was thought to have been the driving force behind Cromwell which gave him the determination in battle that others did not possess. This determination is apparent within the battle of Marston Moor as Interpretation A mentions that he ‘kept such control over his man and over the battle when all three of his commanding generals had given it up for lost’. The actions of Marston Moor were seen to recognise Cromwell as an ‘extraordinary character’. Interpretations A, C and D all show evidence of Cromwell’s use of religion within war and how it was successful in his cavalry. The mention of religion in these sources appear to give the impression that these religious tactics set him out from others cavalry commander at the time. Therefore, this shows the difference between him and other military leaders, proving the view that he was a unique character, which is ultimately a factor in his military success. Cromwell also used other military approaches that were seen as unusual at the time, such as his use of discipline. He was seen to have total control over his cavalry in which they followed every order such as his ability to ‘regroup his forces into a tight formation’. There is further evidence of his disciplinary actions within Interpretation C, ‘an unusually high degree of discipline on, as well as off, the battlefield’. This discipline allowed him to carry out coordinated military manoeuvres with great success. The battle of Marston Moor in July 1644 was seen as a ‘dramatic struggle’ as the Royalists held many advantages but Cromwell’s decision to rally his cavalry after victory and aid the other side of the battlefield was the decisive tactic that won the Parliamentarians the battle. Without the discipline that Cromwell used in his cavalry he would not have been able to rally his men the way he did. The battle of Marston Moor was prearranged which was a disadvantage to both the Parliamentarians and the Royalists. However, Cromwell’s cavalry waited until early evening in order to obtain the element of surprise. This decision was a major factor in the victory over the Royalists in this battle as they were unprepared for the attack. The actions throughout the battle were unique and cunning and from the evidence appeared to have won the Parliamentarians their victory. Therefore, Ashley’s interpretation shows he was of great importance to the military success of the Parliamentarians through his decisions on the battlefield. Therefore, confirming that his military reputation has not been exaggerated. However, this view that Cromwell’s military role was not exaggerated is simply based on the numerous victories that he was a part of in his time of being a soldier. However, Ashley acknowledges that Cromwell held all the advantage at the Battle of Marston Moor. Yet, he does not take this into account in the interpretation. He focuses upon Cromwell’s tactics being exceptional rather than considering that all Cromwell’s advantages won the victory and not his tactics. This unbalanced interpretation is, therefore, limited and it undermines its reliability. Interpretation A recalls the events of the battle of Marston Moor and states that ‘it lacked coordinated command’, which was before the New Model Army, thus weakening the interpretation that Cromwell was such a good general. Yet, the New Model Army was created in order to control the numerous Parliamentarian armies throughout the country, the bases of the Army was to become disciplined, trained and mot ivated. These characteristics were very apparent within Cromwell’s cavalry during the battle of Marston Moor and could have been the reasoning behind the structuring of the New Model Army as it was proven to be successful. However, we need to consider whether this success as a cavalry commander was equally matched by his career as a general. Interpretation C also shows evidence of further military victories such as the defeat of Rupert at the battle of Naseby in June 1645 and a following success at the battle of Langport, which gave the Parliamentarians control over the West of England. This proves evidence that he was equally successful as a general and therefore deserves his reputation. Further evidence of military success is also apparent within Interpretation D, regarding ‘the Preston campaign of 1648’, this was a battle in which Cromwell was the main commander of the force and defeated the attacking Royalists and Scottish armies. This victory was seen to be the defeat of the Royalists that lead to the end of the Civil War. These numerous military successes are evidence that Cromwell showed importance to the military cause of the Parliamentarians. We also know of another military success that took place in 1649, this was Cromwell’s conquest of Ireland where he took Wexford in a massacre of 3,500 troops and civilians with only a small number of Parliamentarian casualties in comparison. These numerous victories indicate that the use of Cromwell’s military approach through the New Model Army proved successful. However, it is difficult to make a judgement with this evidence, as it could be argued that it was possible that these victories could have been achieved without Cromwell’s role in them, if another strong leader was present. These other military victories are not mentioned within the interpretations, this implies that they were not taken into account in judging the capability of Cromwel l as a military leader and could hinder the opinion presented from the interpretation. It is also believed that Cromwell was not in fact the military success that people saw him as. Interpretation D mentions his ‘atypical Cromwellian aggression’ that came out during battles, the interpretation implies his aggression and drive was the main factors that lead him to such success. The interpretation does not see him as an outstanding tactician as interpretation A and C imply but name his as a ‘very sound and capable tactician’, which seems to offer a more convincing view of Cromwell. The repeated use of positive language in these interpretations could be an indicator of Cromwell’s ability. However, interpretation D does not believe that Cromwell was the genius that interpretation A does, stating that he ‘never really reached the heights of a master of the strategic manoeuvre’. This shows that the evidence in interpretation D most strongly agrees with the view that the importance of Cromwell’s military role was exaggerated than any of the other interpretation. I disagree with the view that interpretation D implies, that Cromwell’s military role was exaggerated as the evidence regarding the battle of Marston Moor in both interpretation A and C outweighs the view presented in source D. The interpretation also describes him as ‘hasty’ and ‘unsubtle’ in his tactics on the battlefield, these negative phrases emphasise that the evidence does not agree with the importance of Cromwell’s military role. This idea is contradicted within the evidence shown in interpretation A as it states ‘led them across the battlefield to the aid of his right wing, had a crucial move with the hall-mark of genius upon it’, this was relating to the battle of Marston Moor in 1644. The tactics of Marston Moor were seen this way as they were very unique at the time and no other cavalry commanders managed their cavalries in this way. Cromwell’s use of his religion and confidence in his belief were seen to be the reason behind his success as implied in interpretation D, ‘sheer force of will; he seems to have been instinctively aware’. This could be a reason for and against the exaggeration of his military role as it set him apart from other which may have made him more successful. It may prove to be for the view that the role was an exaggeration as it could be implied that Cromwell relied on his religious beliefs, as he did not hold the tactical skills of his fellow cavalry commanders. Interpretation B shows the importance of Cromwell’s military role in a different way to the other interpretation as it only seems to concentrates on the political successes within his career as he rose to power to become Lord Protector. It explains that the major political success of Cromwell grew from the victories throughout his military career. His military success in the Civil War made him stand out and come to a spotlight within the government, allowing him to successfully work his way up politically, as interpretation B states ‘the well-deserved rise to fame, which in turn enhanced his position in the political world’. The fact that Cromwell was so success in his political career could be the reasoning to imply that his military role was also success as a result of a simple assumption. Cromwell’s main successes that are identified in the evidence are from Cromwell’s victories as a cavalry commander rather than as a general. As a cavalry commander, he proved numerously successful in battle yet his victories in the role of a general are not mentioned within the source in the same way as the cavalry commander role. This could be because he did not reach the peak of a military career as he changed his focused himself on the political issues within England at the time. This fact could indicate that his military career was exaggerated as the evidence focuses on his success as a cavalry commander rather than a general in a higher ranked position. However, a clear judgement regarding this cannot be made, as further evidence regarding his victories as a general would need to be assessed. In conclusion, it is possible that the importance of Cromwell’s military role was slightly exaggerated but he was important to the Parliamentarian side through the numerous victorious battles that he was a part of, which are shown in interpretation A, C and D. His unusual military approach such as the use of discipline and religion, as well as his own personality set him apart from others cavalry commanders. All these characteristics made Cromwell a success and as source B states, went on to help him in his political career, it could be said that this political career was a result of his actions in a military role. Ultimately, Cromwell’s importance in a military role was not exaggerated and he proved to be a very successful asset within the Civil War due to his numerous military victories.

Japanese foreign aid Essay Example for Free

Japanese foreign aid Essay Japan was the highest donor country in the mid 1990s. The rise to this status was gradual, spanning over 40 years. What began as a compulsion as an after effect of the Second World War, became an important tool of the foreign policy of Japan. It was under the US pressure that Japan began giving financial aid to the poorer countries. The amount kept on rising, to reach its peak in mid 90s. This was followed by a steep decline in the total amount disbursed as foreign aid. The decline was very steep. There may have been many reasons that can be attributed to the cause of this decline. However, one of the main reasons was the increasing fiscal deficit in its own budget. The economy of Japan, did not maintain as picture as rosy as it was during the mid 90s. In this context, the following two visuals are worth looking at. Figure 1. Japanese foreign aid (Cooray N. S. and Shahiduzzaman Mohd. , table 2, page 8) Fig. 2 Fiscal situation of Japan (current Japanese fiscal condition ) These charts indicate that the fiscal situation of Japan has been deteriorating since the mid 90s, at a constant rate. The issuance of deficit bonds, has been comparatively much higher than in any of the earlier years. A direct implication of this fact is that the government has been requiring more and more money to cover up its fiscal deficit. This amount is raised by issuing bonds. This condition has compelled Japan to reduce the foreign aid every successive year. No sooner Japan reached its position as the highest donor, it has been losing its position. The rapid downfall of Japan as a donor country is indeed a interesting study, and the fact that there is hardly any research done on the effect of fiscal position on the foreign aid, makes this topic even more interesting. This paper intends to make an in depth study of the fiscal situation which compelled Japan to reduce its foreign aid. It analyzes the major governing factors of the economy of Japan since the late 90s. The quickness with which Japan lost its status as the highest donor, is bound to be a good case study for other donor countries also. This study reveals that Japan has a glorious economic past. Despite the aftermath of the World War II, it had a sound economy witnessing a GDP growth nearing to 15% in the 50s, 60s and 70s. This enabled a freehand distribution of foreign aid. However, the sorry state of fiscal affairs of Japan, have compelled her to lost its status as the highest donor country. This paper in the first section briefly looks into a research paper on this subject. It tells about the history of Japanese foreign aid and discusses few important characteristics of Japanese aid. This includes the features of aid, the shift in policies and the central importance of China as a top priority receiving nation, of this aid. In the second section, details about how the fiscal situation of Japan has affected the reduction in foreign aid will be demonstrated. The third and the final section will deal with an analysis of the study. History and Characteristics Japanese foreign aid A research paper published by Marie Soderberg, associate professor, at Stockholm school of Economics, provides a good insight into the various aspects of Japanese foreign aid. The history of Japanese foreign aid begins in the 1950s as a result of war reparations agreement with Burma, Philippines and Indonesia were signed. This agreement and the subsequent aid granted by the Exim Bank were tied up with purchase from Japanese firms and very well served the interests of Japan. So far, Asian countries were the major recipients of the Japanese aid. The oil crisis of the 70s, saw the Arab nations also getting a fair share of the foreign aid from Japan. The late 1970s saw a huge rise in the foreign aid amount of Japan. This was partially a result of Japan’s wish to be respected by the international community.

Influence of Pablo Picasso on Art

Influence of Pablo Picasso on Art Pablo Picasso: His Influence on Art. The influence of Pablo Picasso on art can be measured via the enduring fame of the man; he remains, arguably, the most famous artist since Michelangelo, more celebrated than Duschamp, Monet or Cezanne. He was a legend during his own lifetime, the celebrated Salvador Dalà ­ citing Picasso as, â€Å"his hero, and to be taken seriously by him [Picasso], a sort of right of passage.† His posthumous reputation is built upon the solid foundation of innovative art coupled with revolutionary expressionism that many commentators have seen as constituting the very genesis of modern art. For many, Picasso is none other than the artist who carried painting into the twentieth century, the personification of the advent of a new age in art felt in the same way as it was in industry, economy and ideology. His private life and professional life merged more than most famous artists. Bar for a small period towards the end of his life, Picasso was free from the scandal that accompanied the legends of Matisse, Van Gogh or Manet, for instance. Art was always his first mistress, although more than most other artists, Picasso drew from the experiences which touched him in his personal life to inspire his creative output. Born in Spain Picasso was, from the outset, noticed as a child prodigy by his art teacher father. Indeed, the Museo de Picasso in Barcelona is dedicated almost exclusively to his very early paintings and sculptures. By the time he was a teenager Picasso began to frequent the more Bohemian outlets of Barcelona, where his inquisition acted like a sponge for the diversity of influences all around him. Inevitably, Picasso moved briefly to the capital of art, Paris, where he was further exposed to the rich variety of expressions prevalent at the fin‑de‑siecle. One can see these formative years as essential in the development of the discernibly different styles that Picasso adopted in his adult life. First he experimented with realism and caricature, heavily influenced by his time in Paris. Commentators have since labelled his next two phases as the â€Å"Blue Period† and the â€Å"Rose Period† respectively. During the â€Å"Blue Period† (1901‑1904), Picasso relied heavily on a blue palette for his paintings, where he focused excessively on the traditional outsiders of society to tell his story: beggars, prostitutes and vagrants make up the bulk of the actors in this phase of his life. In contrast, the â€Å"Rose Period† (1904‑1905) used as its focal point less wretched members of society, though he still accented the ridiculous: clowns, trapeze artists and other circus personnel tended to constitute the majority of his work during this epoch. Apart from bequeathing such classics as the Blue Period’s La Vie (1903) and the Rose Period’s Family of Saltimbanques (1905), the work of Picasso during the very early years of the twe ntieth century also highlights the tendencies of an artist who is unwilling to be pigeon‑holed as an exponent of only one type of art. His greatness came from his ability to transcend certain artistic genres without ever losing any credibility or acumen. Next Picasso travelled to Holland where he was greatly influenced by the classical paintings of Greek mythology. He returned to Paris where he was intrigued and challenged by the ground‑breaking Fauvist work of Matisse, which used familiarly grotesque themes to Picasso’s â€Å"Blue Period†.   The caricature‑like nature of Matisse’s work inspired Picasso to experiment with ancient, primitive art, especially that which so influenced the Iberian culture from where he hailed. With Spain being positioned so close to Africa, Picasso naturally, â€Å"appropriated African art in the development of modern styles,† and his primitive experimentation ought to be seen as the key development in his embracement of Cubism, the style for which he remains most noted internationally today. Picasso’s incorporation of African influences into his own sculptures constituted the first time when he consciously used his art as a vehicle to voice his concerns over the state of the modern world in which he lived. â€Å"It allowed him to confront his audience with their own assumptions about ‘Africa’ and the relation of Picasso’s work to that highly publicised discourse.† Yet, as detailed, Cubism remains the artistic style most closely associated with Pablo Picasso. Essentially, Cubism played with the concept of the three dimensional human figure, distorting the shapes, lines and contours of the paint so that both the front and back of the body was visible at the same time. Together with Georges Braque, Picasso drove forward the movement of Cubism so that, by 1913, it was the chief progressive artistic ideology in both Europe and North America. The Guitar (1913) is often cited as Picasso’s own personal best with regards to Cubist expressionism, a noticeably Synthetic Cubist creation, although he was soon, unsurprisingly, moving away from Cubism to embrace yet another facet of modern art.      Towards the latter part of his creative life, Picasso moved into the realms of Surrealism, influenced again by classical art. By that time, however, the Spanish Civil War (1936‑1939) had broken out, igniting, once more, a politicisation of Picasso’s work. â€Å"Picasso was deeply moved by the civil war raging in his native Spain, and applied himself to creating a monumental record of its barbarity.† Guernica (1937) is his most celebrated painting of the time the carnage inflicted upon the Basque city designated within the title constituting his inspiration for painting, which, for the first time in history, documented the horrors of modern warfare, in particular the devastation of air raids.    Thus, as Picasso was present to carry progressive art through to the twentieth century, so he was likewise the catalyst for the artistic expression of horror that post‑industrial man could inflict upon civilisation that the Second World War would starkly reveal. Moreover, his breath‑taking skill, throughout his career, at depicting all forms of artistic endeavour have led contemporary commentators such as, Susan Sternau, to conclude that, â€Å"more than any other individual artist, Picasso shaped the course of twentieth century art.† BIBLIOGRAPHY M. Antliff P. Leighten, Cubism and Culture (Thames Hudson; London, 2001) R. Brandon, Surreal Lives: the Surrealists, 1917‑1945 (Macmillan; London, 1999) E. Doss, Twentieth Century American Art (Oxford University Press; Oxford, 2002) B. Leal et al, The Ultimate Picasso (Harry N. Abrams Inc; New York, 2003) S. Lemoine (Edtd.), Towards Modern Art: from Puvis De Chavannes to Matisse to Picasso (Thames Hudson; London, 2002) T. Martin, Essential Surrealists (Dempsey Parr; London, 1999) S.A. Sternau, Art Nouveau: Spirit of the Belle Epoque (Tiger Books International; London, 1996)

The Chrysalids: Perception is Molded by Environment Essay -- John Wynd

From the point of conception, a child’s feelings and thoughts are incredibly malleable. However, the question remains whether the environment changes our perception. This essay will delve into how perceptions are impacted by a North American lifestyle, and a lifestyle within the fictional world of The Chrysalids. Although a person has the ability to forge his or her own destiny, the environment plays a large part in shaping our perceptions everyday. Many throughout the world consider North America to offer the greatest quality of life. A myriad of nationalities and cultures have joined together resulting in North America being what it is today. This cultural patchwork has resulted in children being raised differently and developing unique perceptions relative to other countries. Variables that work to alter the American perception include family, education, and opportunities. One of the greatest influences on a person lis their family. For the duration of a person’s childhood, the majority of time is spent with family members. A family sustains a child’s livelihood and they work to determine how a child will mature in the hope of sustaining a successful future. Over this period, family members’ opinions and views wear off on the individual, causing a change in perception. Therefore, while maturing as a youth, family members hold a significant influence on sculpting a person’s perception. Another way in which perceptions can be altered is through education. Education is a building block for all of society; it is the foundation that establishes social interaction and it often determines a person’s future success. During the course of schooling and post secondary education, a person is introduced to an array of diffe... ...ths is limited. The result is a community where conventional thinking is readily accepted and rarely challenged. When comparing the North American society with that of the Waknuk society to determine whether the environment shapes our perception, the answer becomes transparent. Our perception is forever changing due to the environment. In everyday life our family, our education, and our opportunities change our perception. We do not know what is right until we learn alternative sources and develop an opinion on life. Through growing up, our family, education and experiences work to persuade our opinions and alter our perception in everything we do. Our perception can be changed through life as we grow, learn new ideas and gain new experiences, but through the duration of our childhood, our perception is molded into an everlasting building block for our future.

Free Essays - Holden Caulfield Needs Logotherapy :: Catcher Rye Essays

Catcher in the Rye - Holden Caulfield Needs Logotherapy Throughout the book Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, a boy who does not know his place in life, illustrates the human need for logotherapy. Viktor Frankl, a Holocaust survivor, wrote "Mans search for meaning", in which he describes his experiences and ways of resisting the efforts of dehumanization in the holocaust. In Viktor Frankl's writing he delineates Logotherapy, which are three principles of mankind. The main character in Catcher in the Rye is Holden Caulfield, he is an unstable young man, who wanders around New York for three days, without knowing where to go or what do. Holden Caulfield would benefit if he applied Logotherapy to his everyday life. The first principle of logotherapy states that's man has an inborn will to meaning, "We seek to live not only for ourselves, but to contribute something of worth to other people and to the world we live in."(370) Holden Caulfield rarely shows this trait, but he does reveal it seldomly to people he does not know for example when he says to a cab driver, "You know those ducks in that lagoon right near central park? That little lake? By any chance do you happen to know where they go, the ducks, when it gets all frozen over?âˆÂ ¦"(60) This exhibits that Holden cares for some things, which means he has a will to meaning somewhere inside of him, he just needs to find it, like one of his teachers says, "âˆÂ ¦but I can very clearly see you dying nobly, for some highly unworthy cause"(188) In this quote, Mr. Antolini is telling Holden that he believes he will do something worthy with his life, but it will not be something very useful. Man has free will acts as the second aspect of logotherapy. Viktor Frankl states, " Man's freedom is no freedom from conditions but rather freedom to take a stand on whatever conditions might confront him"(371) Holden Caulfield sometimes shows free will, "âˆÂ ¦I couldn't think of a room or a house or anything to describeâˆÂ ¦So what I did, I wrote about my brother Allies baseball mitt."(38) This shows he can think for himself and that he does not just do what people tell him to do. Free Essays - Holden Caulfield Needs Logotherapy :: Catcher Rye Essays Catcher in the Rye - Holden Caulfield Needs Logotherapy Throughout the book Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, a boy who does not know his place in life, illustrates the human need for logotherapy. Viktor Frankl, a Holocaust survivor, wrote "Mans search for meaning", in which he describes his experiences and ways of resisting the efforts of dehumanization in the holocaust. In Viktor Frankl's writing he delineates Logotherapy, which are three principles of mankind. The main character in Catcher in the Rye is Holden Caulfield, he is an unstable young man, who wanders around New York for three days, without knowing where to go or what do. Holden Caulfield would benefit if he applied Logotherapy to his everyday life. The first principle of logotherapy states that's man has an inborn will to meaning, "We seek to live not only for ourselves, but to contribute something of worth to other people and to the world we live in."(370) Holden Caulfield rarely shows this trait, but he does reveal it seldomly to people he does not know for example when he says to a cab driver, "You know those ducks in that lagoon right near central park? That little lake? By any chance do you happen to know where they go, the ducks, when it gets all frozen over?âˆÂ ¦"(60) This exhibits that Holden cares for some things, which means he has a will to meaning somewhere inside of him, he just needs to find it, like one of his teachers says, "âˆÂ ¦but I can very clearly see you dying nobly, for some highly unworthy cause"(188) In this quote, Mr. Antolini is telling Holden that he believes he will do something worthy with his life, but it will not be something very useful. Man has free will acts as the second aspect of logotherapy. Viktor Frankl states, " Man's freedom is no freedom from conditions but rather freedom to take a stand on whatever conditions might confront him"(371) Holden Caulfield sometimes shows free will, "âˆÂ ¦I couldn't think of a room or a house or anything to describeâˆÂ ¦So what I did, I wrote about my brother Allies baseball mitt."(38) This shows he can think for himself and that he does not just do what people tell him to do.

New Wave of Internet Technology and the Effects on off-line Relationshi

Abstract There is a new place for exploration in regards to relationships; traditionally we meet people on the street, at bars or by other friends. However, since the vast expansion of Internet users, there have risen new ways of interacting and communicating with others. There are places on line that are specifically made to meet people in different context and environments. Some of these areas include instant message engines, chat rooms, and different other Internet based companies, which provide these services. Along with these new technological advances, as with many other things, there are negative outcomes. There has been research done on how these new ways of communication may cause turmoil to a relationships, through the idea of ~{!0~}Internet Infidelity,~{!1~} Internet infidelity is defined by Shaw, ~{!0~}as taking the sexual energy of any sort thoughts, feelings, and behaviors out side a committed sexual relationship in such a way that it damages the relationship, and then pretendin g that that this drain in energy will affect neither partner or the relationship as long as it remains undercover. (p. 29)~{!1~} Some individuals discount these acts of interactions on line as ~{!0~}non-real,~{!1~} therefore not constituting them as cheating; but through my research and my qualitative inquiries, I have found that ~{!0~}cyber cheating~{!1~} may and has caused dire consequences in relationships. Introduction There has always been a concern about cheating with in relationships. However, the risk seems to have increase with the advances of new technologies, such as the Internet and the services it provides in regards to meeting people. The Internet now offers many opportunities to meet people on-line through services such as on-line personal ads, chat rooms, and instant messenger systems. It is reported that, ~{!0~}national averages indicate that families have wholeheartedly adopted the computer and the Internet access into their homes in relatively short time. The exponential growth of Internet access at home raises questions regarding how Internet sexuality influences couples sexual relationship and sexual satisfaction~{!-~}(Gonya, 2004, p. 386)~{!1~} These new technologies have provided individuals in relationships the opportunity to venture in to a new way of what would be considered ~{!0~}internet infidelity.~{!1~} The reason people get trapped into ... ...relationships, when in a real physical relationship will damage the relationship that is that is not cybernetic. However, I suggest more research to be in this new area of infidelity, in order to give a stronger base to its substitutability. References and Works Cited M. Castro. 2005, May. 21. (Personal Interview, May 21, 2005) Gonya, J. 2004. Internet Sexuality: Clinical Implications for Couples. American Journal of Family Therapy. Vol. 32, Issue 5 P.375 Gwinnell, E., 1998. Online Seduction and Falling in Love with Strangers on the Internet. New York: Kodansha America, Inc. p. 88-121. Leiblum, S. R. 1997. Sex and the Net. Clinical Implications. Journal of Sex education and Therapy. 22. p. 21-27 Patton Q., Michael. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods 3rd Edition. California: Sage Publication Inc. p.215-225. Powell D.1995, Engendering Infidelity: Essentialist of Social Constructionist Readings of a Story Completion Task. Feminism and Psychology, p. 345-372. Shaw, J., 2001, Treatment Rational for Internet Infidelity. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 22, p. 29-34. Whitty, M. 2004, Cyber Cheating. Counseling and Psychotherapy Journal, Vol. 15 Issue 8, p.38.

Last Chance for Eden

Last Chance for Eden This documentary Last Chance for Eden is a about nine men and women discussing the issues of racism and sexism in the workplace and even giving their own experience and own opinions. Throughout this entire documentary each person expresses how they feel or their experience but some admit that cannot do that in public. I notice that even though we are in the 21st century people like to believe there is equality.But when asked to someone of color they openly comment there is not such thing. Ignorance is probably in those who say â€Å"There is no racism in the United States. † Shockingly, it obviously still exist but not many will admit to it. People are open to talk about race, however some tend to feel a little uncomfortable and refuse to go deeper into discussion for fear of saying the wrong thing. Someone in the documentary had stated â€Å"People will talk about race; but not racism. † Which is pretty much true.I feel as if someone were to bring up the topic ‘race' it is easily discussed but then when asked about racism ‘racism' that is when the room becomes quiet and feel as if they cannot really fully express their own opinion about racism for fear of being in a conflict of a sort. However those who participated in this discussion in the documentary they obviously did not hold back and fully explained what it is really like to be a person of color. The others who are ‘white Americans' feel as if they cannot really see the racism or think the other participants who are from a different background are treated just as they are; normal Americans.However they fail to see the reality of it; one man stated â€Å"People want to hear what it's like to be black and male, and I tell them. Then they go ‘Well, I was poor too. I got stopped by the Cops. ‘ What purpose does it serve to bring that up? It makes me feel like I'm being told to just shut the fuck up and get on with your life. That's the way it feels. † They like to think everybody experiences the same thing, when really it could be the same situation but a completely different turn out.A woman argues saying, they cannot be called â€Å"American† for the image of an â€Å"American† has been created long before there was equality. They say they would not be seen as just â€Å"Americans† but more of whatever their ethnicity is. A Woman even states she would call herself a U. S. citizen, but not an American, she feel that the â€Å"American image† has already been identified. As I said before, some people are probably blind to notice that there are exceptions to those who have the exact image, than to those who don't.

Baby Bloomers

Time Context The case under study covers the period of the 1980’s (particularly 1987) wherein the Philippine economy is experiencing difficulty due to the political turmoil.Summary A family enterprise known as the Baby Bloomers specializing in floral arrangement was founded in 1977. It was inspired by the Three Flowers Florists which is considered as the leading supplier of flower arrangements during the previous years. It became widely known floral trade to the market because of the imported materials they use. Also, their standardized outlet, with luxuriant interior and overall air of quality, has a great impact to the customer. This led to a large amount of cash inflows incurred by the company, mainly because of its high price being charged in their high-quality products and services. With this tremendous success, owners take into consideration business expansion.They started establishing restaurants, automobile dealership, wine importation business, cocktail lounge, jewelr y shop, European sporting goods dealership, and store specializing in remote-controlled toys. However, not all of the newly established businesses were doing too well, except the restaurant which was moderately successful. Large amount of investments was incurred and much of the funds available were being use as working capital instead of servicing of the loans. During 1983, a consequential challenge was faced by the enterprise, when devaluation of the dollar exchange rate set in. Unfortunately, expenses increase because some of their businesses were import-oriented.It became a greater liability for the Baby Bloomers flower boutiques for it is the only enterprise generating high income. Many of its loans were defaulted, and since personal funds were not sufficient to meet the payment, troubled businesses were eventually sold to settle the problem, leaving only the flower boutiques and the restaurant.Mission StatementTo provide a high-quality floral products offering imported materia ls, and a standardized outlets for the convenience and satisfaction of our customers.To pursue business expansion of many unrelated ventures under the Baby Bloomers Commercial Corporation.Vision Statement To preserve the status of the company as the leading supplier of flower arrangements in the floral industry by providing good quality products and services.I. Statement of the Objective/s The primary objective of the study is to assist Baby Bloomers regain its success by devoting more time and effort in managing the money-generating flower boutiques, in order to recover the financial losses the company suffers.Specific Objectives: To understand the background of the company. To know the causes of troubled businesses. To suggest means of settling pending loan obligations. To identify businesses need to continue and discontinue operation.II. Central Problem How would Baby Bloomers bring back its normal condition and how would it recover from financial losses it suffers to maintain bu siness’ soundness?III. Areas of Consideration Strengths Prestige that came with Baby Bloomers brand name Sufficient experience in the florist trade High pricing power Standardized outlets Strong management of flower shops Weaknesses High debt burden Rapid sequence of expansion of unrelated businesses Weak management of other businesses Use of imported materials Opportunities International expansion New markets Baby Bloomers’ brand name serves as a goodwill to the newly-established businesses.Threats Volatile dollar exchange Intense competition in other established enterprises Government tax regulations Bad reputation brought by enterprises not doing too well Political risksIV. Alternative Courses of Action These are the possible solutions to the problem with the corresponding advantages and disadvantages:1. Not to expand floral boutiques and focused first in managing existing ones.AdvantagesLesser expenses may incur because the company do not need to hire new employees .Mrs. Picache may have an idle time to train her daughters in order to continue the family business traditions. ImprovementDisadvantagesLetting go of the chance of successful business expansion where it can put the firm in a positive place when it comes to acquiring necessary financing.It cannot place the company in the forefront of many customers’ mind.Sacrificing the income coming from expansion of other boutiques.2. Foreclosed the restaurant with moderate earnings and continue to expand immensely profitable flower boutiques.AdvantagesThere will be more time can be devoted in well-management of the flower boutiques because the company will be focusing on one kind of business.Greater chance of improving and innovating their products and services because they will stick to business which the family knows best.DisadvantagesProducts of this kind of business are not necessaries which customers consumed almost everyday.In case demand for flower arrangements decrease the company m ight suffer additional losses because there will be no other sources of income.3. As the company regains its success, take into consideration expansion of unrelated ventures.AdvantagesAn opportunity to staff new businesses with qualified people. These people can help streamline processes, bring fresh ideas to the organization.Exposing the brand name Baby Bloomers to a wider audience. This increased pool of potential customers can improve sales, resulting in increased profitability.DisadvantagesRapid sequence of business expansion can lead to declining quality of products and services.Expansion requires major financial investments that can turn sour if a company cannot keep up with the resulting obligations.May encounter the same problems faced before.V. Strategy Formulation/RecommendationWe therefore conclude that the best solution to the problem is alternative course of action no. 2, â€Å"Foreclosed the restaurant with moderate earnings and continue to expand immensely profitable flower boutiques.† Generally, expansion of unrelated ventures like the Baby Bloomers Restaurant is advantageous because of the additional income it may provide, but Picache’s family area of expertise does not lie in managing that kind of business,  they are specializing in floral arrangements. Foreclosure of restaurant may result to more time and effort to be spent on the preservation and improvement of the high-class quality products and services of flower boutiques which will ensure a much higher profit, thus easily regaining its success.It is also advisable that as early as possible, daughters of Mrs. Picache must be trained to continue the family business since she almost reached the age of seniority. As the company recovers, and plans to do expansion of unrelated ventures, by this time they need to be wiser, taking into consideration the past causes of their fall down, also the future problems they may encounter. Expansion must not be in a rapid sequence because expansion does not always connote additional profit because of the presence of economic and political risks. Additionally, there should be a defined reason for the expansion – entering into new, potentially profitable market segments, for example.VI. Plan of Action1. Focus on incurring cash inflows to settle part of loan obligations still unpaid. 2. Devoting more time and effort in managing Baby Bloomers floral boutiques to recover from financial difficulties, thus maximizing profit. 3. Expand the number of money-generating floral boutiques and sell the restaurant. 4. Aid in first the assistance of business consultant when making expansion of unrelated ventures.VII. Potential Problems1. What if Mrs. Picache has no longer personal funds to cover the unpaid loan obligation? 2. What if Mrs. Picache can no longer devote much of her time to manage the flower boutiques because of her age? 3. What if prices of imported materials become doubled and Mrs. Picache could not offer its p roducts in a much higher price than the usual because customers are also suffering financial difficulties? 4. What if the trend for floral arrangements enterprise decreases due to innovative culture?VIII. Contingency Plan1. The company may sell the restaurant, at the first place she hardly knows anything about restaurant management because her family is sticking to what  it knows best, the floral arrangements. 2. She may assign Mrs. Bengco to help her managing the flower shop, after all Mrs. Bengco is one of her loyal employees, working for her for almost ten years. Furthermore, she has three daughters; they can be trained to manage the business in the future. 3. The company must try to deal with local materials which will ensure her of the same quality products she is currently providing to her customer. Local materials are less costly than imported materials. 4. The company must try to come up with new ideas on how to improve its products and services to preserve the loyalty and patronage of customers to their products.

Castration

For quite some time, humans have had the reputation of always carrying out sins and criminal activity. In many societies, they have rules and regulation that govern them and have specific measures that they take once a person carries out a particular negative criminal act. Traditional societies have been on the frontline towards ensuring that criminal activities are minimized efficiently and effectively in their locations. There are different methods of punishment that exist and the most common ones are imprisonment or death.However, contemporary societies have en to it that there be an introduction of another means of punishment and this Is through castration (Somerville, 2013). Castration Is a method of punishment that involves the authorities mutilating or interfering with the anatomy and hormones of those convicted of certain sexual offenses. Right now there are several states that practice this form of punishment via chemical castration or surgical. These states include Georgia, Florida, California, Louisiana, Montana, Oregon, Texas, and Wisconsin.These states allow chemical and surgical castration as a condition for a educed sentence, which I don't agree with. Chemical castration Is the administration of a medication given Intravenously or orally called AMP, which Is commonly known as Depraver, this medication is prescribed to women for various issues such as birth control, uterine, menstrual, menopausal issues but when used by men it decreases the hormone testosterone to the pre-puberty level. Health officials state that this procedure works by minimizing or reducing the desire, interest, libido and making it difficult to perform sexual activities.Although this is said to work it has several side effects such as blood clots, menopausal symptoms, cardiovascular, blood level, blood pressure and allergic reactions, the effects are reversible. After the person stops taking the medication. Surgical castration is the removal of a man's testicles or a women's o varies and is not reversible. Do not see where removing this part of the anatomy would prevent sexual activity. In my opinion, I do not believe that removing or lowering the hormone levels of men or women reduces or prevents sexual crimes, but I do not have a problem with using castration as a punishment to repeat offenders.I do agree that pedophilia and rapist deserve this as punishment and this goes for men and women who commit these hideous crimes. In researching castration as a punishment I found no information pertaining to women being castrated only men, and if this is the case then I disagree I feel this should pertain to both sexes as both commit these terrible crimes although more men are charged, tried, convicted and sentenced, then women. Various debates have existed on whether this method of punishment is fair, Inhumane, violates the eighth amendment of cruel and unusual punishment.I have several Issues that I will attempt to address on the pros and cons of castration as a punishment and is it appropriate or violates human rights in my own opinion. Many people have argued that this method of punishment is not fair, and it is inhumane while others argue that this form of punishment is just and appropriate for it assists in punishing and deterring criminals who engage In or attempt to commit these hideous sexual crimes (Golden, 2013). In my pollen, I have no sympathy for these Individuals as they had or punishment.One issue that I have is if we are going to mutilate a person for the crimes they commit, then why aren't we setting standards for all crimes committed, for instance if we are to mutilate and castrate for certain sexual crimes then wouldn't it be fair to mutilate or remove an offenders hand or fingers for robbery or burglary, or surgically removing someone's foot or legs for escaping. The other issue I have is forcefully removing a particular anatomy if an offender is a first time offender. What happens in a situation of innocence or wrongl y accused.There are so many cases where individuals are tried, convicted, sentenced, that are innocent, and years later proven and released, what happens in this case if we castrate, we cannot reverse this procedure once completed. I think repeat offenders should receive this punishment. In 2004, a man named David Wayne Jones, previously employed as a counselor at the east Dallas Ymca confessed to molesting over 40 young boys agreed to be punished by surgical castration, he would make the second offender to have had this reoccurred performed since the law was passed.Although he voluntarily agreed to have this procedure done and was later released, I do not agree that these offenders should have the choice to have this as a sentence reduction. I feel that these criminals should have this procedure done in addition especially when it comes to violating young, helpless, defenseless, innocent children. Another argument that can be used to show the fact that these people ought to be cast rated is the issue of repeat offenders. Many cases exist where the person who carried out the raping rime carries out the same mistake again and again (Becker, 2012).After being caught and imprisoned for the first time, these people have the ability to feel as if they did not deserve the punishment and as a sign of rebellion may rape again. This matter has existed for a very long time. However, if a person is castrated after carrying out the crime for the first time, then there is no chance that he can carry out the crime again but the case has to be 100% proven guilty, I would not want to have the thought of castrating a innocent individual on my head.Castration ought to be a sentencing option to the Judges and this is for the fact that when a person is sentenced to punishment of castration, he goes through much pain and suffering that may be effective enough to act as a warning and deterrent to other people that may have had similar intentions. Moreover, this method of sentencing ensures that the offender does not carry out the crime again even after the release (Tracy, 2013). There are different cases that have come up over the years where the offender may eel obliged and guilty to a point that he practices voluntary castration.Voluntary castration is a method of castration where the Judge does not instruct the prosecutors to castrate the criminal but rather offers it as a suggestion. Now this I agree with 100% and have no issues or objections. The criminals that go for this option ought not to receive a shorter sentence and those that do not should receive the maximum time aloud. This is a very sensitive subject that has to evaluated more in depths before it can be completely considered, it has to be tweaked to perfection.

Examining the Songs of Slavery In America Essay

For some reason, the last song you hear on the radio always sticks in your head. Later in the day, you catch yourself singing it†¦and you realize that it’s not even a song that you like! Fortunately for you, and unfortunately for all those around you, we can sing that song, no matter who, including yourself, cares to listen to it. No one is going to punish you for the quirkiness that goes with having the guts to actually sing a song that the guy in the cubicle next to yours just busted up the radio for playing. Music is part of our everyday lives. It is something that most of us have never lived without. Something in a song empowers us, saddens us, angers us, and makes us fall in love. So many of us can link a special memory to a song†¦and that 4-minute composition of words written by someone whom you’ve never even, met can take you back to â€Å"that place†, if for only a moment, and make you feel â€Å"that way† again. Songs are a way of life for most of us, and they have been for many years. Today, we listen to songs freely. History, however, reveals that many of us were not born with the same freedom. Can you imagine being punished for enjoying music? For history’s slave community, singing, humming, or listening to music was prohibited (Lang, p. 13). To slave owners, the practice of music portrayed a relaxed state for the slave. Most felt that carrying on with such â€Å"nonsense† would interfere with the slave’s focus, resulting in poor performance. The opposite, however, was the outcome. When they were allowed to sing, the slave found joy in the day Crane/Fleming 2 (Watts, p. 1). Singing was an outlet†¦a way to say how they felt about their owners, the job being done, family, God, and about dreams for themselves. Originating during the Civil War slave days, singing soon caught on all over the South and beyond. It served both hidden and obvious purpose. Not only could a slave could sing a song, and feel relaxed performing assigned duties, a slave could also â€Å"chant† a song to communicate messages to fellow slaves. So much mystery lies behind this aged practice, and uncovering the mystery will leave you appreciating the creativity utilized, whether you are of slave ancestry or not. If you have ever been to a traditional, majority Black church, you would walk out feeling energized. The energy exercised to convey God’s word is pretty unmatched by churches of other ethnicities. It’s as if the Black community has been doing this for years†¦and they have been. In early slave days, slaves were not allowed to read scriptures. Instead, they learned of God through â€Å"white folks’† church (Brown, p. 1). It was at these meetings that they listened to hymns, heard a few bible scriptures, and were told â€Å"mind† their masters. Soon, the slaves took it upon themselves to meet privately and discuss God and what he had planned for them. After the meetings, several would stay behind and â€Å"ring shout†, or chant songs about God and His plan for them. Foot tapping and hand clapping were accompanied by paced singing, and as the song continued, the pace would increase (Watt, p. 1). Men and women slaves became so involved in the chanting that they would collapse in emotion to the ground. Ministers were disturbed by this unusual behavior and soon banned the practice of ring shouts. It was at these early gatherings when the historical slave songs evolved. The very nature in which they are practiced lead back to the days of ring shouts. Soon, the topics of the shouts veered from being only about God, and began to include chants of hopes, prayers, and displays of confidence. Crane/Fleming 3 In the movie, Glory (Zwick, 1989) the men of the â€Å"Fifty-fourth† prepare to fight by performing a ring shout to bear hopes of success against the men they will soon face. These black men, formerly slaves, start slow and humble, and soon roar to a fast paced shout of faith in God, love of family, and belief in each other. Hands clap and legs are slapped for rhythm. This scene in the movie portrays the sole possession these men have to hold on to: each other. With a bit of encouraging, one soldier is assisted by another to not just â€Å"say† his hopes for the battle’s outcome, but to â€Å"demand† them with confidence that his prayers will be answered. Although Hollywood glamorized this scene with embellishments such as a pre-determined beat and a chorus, this type of shouting is how it all began. Knowing how it all began leaves us with the need to know â€Å"why† it all began. Why did â€Å"slave songs† (Ware, Allen, and Garrison, p. I) become such a big part of history? No other group in history utilized song the way that history’s slave did. Not only did singing pass the day, but singing helped the slave to identify with themselves. Bringing God into the lyrics, they created biblical images (Silverman, p. 79) of who they compared themselves to during biblical times. Many compared themselves to Moses, and sang of leading all slaves to freedom, just as Moses led the Israelites from Pharaoh’s captivity. This gave the slaves hope. Soon, this boost of hope led to singing songs about what it would be like when they were free. In Slavery Chain Done Broke at Last (Silverman, p. 83), the slave sings of how freedom is abound. He is sure to thank God, and vows to continue telling God his problems, in hopes of receiving more help when needed. In other songs, such as Oh, Freedom, (Ware, Allen and Garrison, p. 33), slaves give thanks at the end of a long and dangerous journey to freedom. On the other side of serious purpose, slave songs were not always sung just to say â€Å"thanks†. They were also sung as a way to Crane/Fleming 4 entertain, just as today’s music does for us. A good example of this is Now Let Me Fly (Brown, p. 1), where slaves sing of African people who could fly. Songs like these were loved by children, as their imaginations soared with images of flying people. But along with singing about being thankful and creating silly images for children, these songs served another purpose†¦perhaps the most important purpose of all: they served as a form of communication among the slaves (Johnson and Johnson, p. 18). Slaves lived a hard life. Along with being â€Å"owned† by another human being, the slave’s owner employed harsh rules for the slave to live by. One of these rules was that they were owned property, and could not leave on their own accord to be a free person (Watts, p. 1). Discussions of being free were punishable by whipping, beating and starving the slave. The slave was forced to create a way to communicate ploys to escape, warnings of a master’s mood, new slaves joining the old slaves, and many other issues in code. The slave song was the perfect way to convey messages without being discovered. Many of the slave’s work songs were composed out of sheer desperation to warn others of trouble ahead, or to keep an escape attempt from getting botched. Let Us Break Bread Together (Allen, Ware, and Garrison, p. 34) allowed fellow slaves to know about meetings to be held in the early morning hours (before sunrise) to discuss concerns, share prayers, and plan an escape. These meetings were held far earlier than the master’s waking hours. Plans were made, escape routes were decided, and updates on other slave’s escape attempts were provided. Later in the day, in the fields, around the house, or where ever else work was to be done, the slaves sang their songs, inconspicuously passing messages to one another. Other songs, such as No More Auction Block for Me (Johnson and Johnson, p. 20) conveyed a message of weariness of a slave’s hope. This song was often sung under one’s breath, during or Crane/Fleming 5 almost immediately after being beaten. One slave could often recognize the beaten slave’s mouth movements, and gather the support of fellow slaves to encourage new hope if the beating was survived. Happy, sad, useful, or light-hearted, the hidden messages of these songs were understood among all those who sang or listened to them. Although creative in nature, and almost ingenious in creation, these songs were recorded in words for us to read today in the exact format in which they were written. It is interesting to read some of the lyrics of these songs, spelling included, particularly because these songs were written down exactly the way they were spoken. The spoken English of some slaves could be somewhat choppy, and sometimes difficult to understand. Though the message is clear, songs such as Hear from Heaven Today (Allen, Ware and Garrison, p. 2) display a perfect example of how the words of the song were to be pronounced: â€Å"†¦a baby born in Bethlehem, and I yearde De trumpet sourd in the oder bright land My name is called and I mus go De bell is a-ringin’ in de oder bright world My brudder, my brudder Joseph and sista Mary†¦Ã¢â‚¬  -Anonymous Though some are difficult to read, the authenticity of unedited lyrics links us to a part of history not to be misunderstood. While the level of education is evident, what can be proven is that slaves were absolutely not ignorant people. Sometimes the subject matter of a song is simple. An example of this can be found in Git De Chores Done (Brown, p. 1). The slave sings, â€Å"Did you feed my cow? † â€Å"Yes, Maam. † â€Å"Will you tell-a me how? † â€Å"Yes, Maam. † â€Å"Oh, what did you give her? † â€Å"Cawn and hay. † â€Å"Oh, what did you give her? † â€Å"Cawn and hay. † -Anonymous Crane/Fleming 6 The slave was encouraged by something as simple as a brief conversation between him and the slave’s owner to create a song that added motivation to the day’s duty. On the other side of the â€Å"work song† (Watt, p. 1) is a song far more complex. Codes were often sent through songs. In Get Dem Chilen Home (Brown, p. 1), the slave sings of certain obstacles to look out for: â€Å"†¦Take careful when you turn dat co’ner. He waitin’ fo you, waitin’ fo you, always watchin’. Get Dem Chilen Home by way of dem hills, But take careful when you turn dat co’ner. -Stephen Foster In history, no other group of people made full use of song the way the slaves did (Watt, p. 1). Not only did they sing about what they did, they saved lives and led each other to freedom. Their songs changed what we know about history in a colorful way. Love it or not, music and song are here to stay. We have the great fortune to do with it what we will. Some will choose to listen, and others will choose to write. We may never again do with song what the slaves did with it, and that’s o. k. But who knows†¦maybe one day our children’s children will be writing a paper on what people of our time did to change music and song forever.