Soil Erosion in Africa

Soil erosion in Africa threatens food and fuel supplies and can contribute to climate change. For over a century, governments and aid organizations have tried to combat soil erosion in Africa, often with limited effect. The Problem Today Currently, 40% of soil in Africa is degraded. Degraded soil diminishes food production and leads to soil erosion, which in turn contributes to desertification. This is particularly worrisome since, according to the UNs  Food and Agriculture Organization, some 83% of sub-Saharan African people depend on the land for their livelihood, and food production in Africa will have to increase almost 100% by 2050 to keep up with population demands. All of this makes soil erosion a pressing social, economic, and environmental issue for many African countries. Causes for Erosion Erosion happens when wind or rain carry topsoil away. How much soil is carried away depends on how strong the rain or wind is as well as the soil quality, topography (for example, sloped versus terraced land), and the amount of ground vegetation. Healthy topsoil (like soil covered with plants) is less erodible. Put simply, it sticks together better and can absorb more water. Increased population and development put greater stress on soils. More land is cleared and less left fallow, which can deplete the soil and increase water run-off. Overgrazing and poor farming techniques can also lead to soil erosion, but it is important to remember that not all causes are human; climate and natural soil quality are also important factors to consider in tropical and mountainous regions. Failed Conservation Efforts During the colonial era, state governments tried to force peasants and farmers to adopt scientifically approved farming techniques. Many of these efforts were aimed at controlling African populations and did not take into account significant cultural norms. For instance, colonial officers invariably worked with men, even in areas where women were responsible for farming. They also provided few incentives - only punishments. Soil erosion and depletion continued, and rural frustration over colonial land schemes helped fuel nationalist movements in many countries. Not surprisingly, most nationalist governments in the post-independence era tried to work with rural populations rather than force change. They favored education and outreach programs, but soil erosion and poor output continued, in part because no one looked carefully at what farmers and herders were actually doing. In many countries, elite policymakers had urban backgrounds, and they still tended to presume that rural peoples existing methods were ignorant and destructive. International NGOs and scientists also worked off of assumptions about peasant land use that are now being called into question. Recent Research Recently, more research has gone into both the causes of soil erosion and into what are termed indigenous farming methods and knowledge about sustainable use. This research has exploded the myth that peasant techniques were inherently unchanging, traditional, wasteful methods. Some farming patterns are destructive, and research can identify to better ways, but increasingly scholars and policymakers are emphasizing the need to draw the best from scientific research and peasant knowledge of the land. Current Efforts to Control Current efforts, still include outreach and education projects, but are also focusing on greater research and employing peasants or providing other incentives for participating in sustainability projects. Such projects are tailored to local environmental conditions and can include forming water catchments, terracing, planting trees, and subsidizing fertilizers. There have also been a number of transnational and international efforts to protect soil and water supplies. Wangari Maathai won the Nobel Peace Prize for establishing the Green Belt Movement, and in 2007, the leaders of several African states across the Sahel created the Great Green Wall Initiative, which has already increased forestation in targeted areas. Africa is also part of the Action against Desertification, a $45 million program that includes the Caribbean and Pacific. In Africa, the program is funding projects that will protect forests and topsoil while generating incomes for rural communities. Numerous other national and international projects are underway as soil erosion in Africa gains greater attention from policymakers and social as well as environmental organizations. Sources Chris Reij, Ian Scoones, Calmilla Toulmin (eds). : Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in AfricaSustaining the Soil (Earthscan, 1996) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Soil is a non-renewable resource. infographic, (2015). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Soil is a non-renewable resource. pamphlet, (2015). Global Environmental Facility, Great Green Wall Initiative (accessed 23 July 2015) Kiage, Lawrence,  Perspectives on the assumed causes of land degradation in the rangelands of Sub-Saharan Africa.  Progress in Physical Geography Mulwafu, Wapulumuka. : A History of Peasant-State Relations and the Environment in Malawi, 1860-2000.Conservation Song (White Horse Press, 2011).

The Cause For Increasing Fire Activity Is Climate Change

One leading cause for increasing fire activity is climate change. Over the past several hundred years, average temperatures across the globe have increased. Warming temperatures have shortened winter and spring by melting snow packs and drying out areas prematurely. They have also staved off the chilling temperatures of fall. Altogether, summer and the firefighting season is 78 days longer than it was, even in the last several decades. As a result, burnable fuels are exposed to extreme temperatures for a longer period of time. Prolonged exposure to such temperatures drives the moisture out of the fuels. Additionally, fuel moisture directly relates to fuel flammability. With high fuel moistures, fuels like trees and shrubs will have a difficult time being ignited. Not coincidentally, fires under these conditions tend to be creeping in nature and unable to rapidly devour land. However, when fuel moistures low, percentages in the teens or single digits, fire can spread very rapidly and run across the landscape. So, climate change does directly affect fire behavior and increasing fire behavior. But, that is not all. Increasing fire behavior and increasing temperatures due to climate change is a cycle. Warm temperatures enable fuel moistures decline and fires are able to take off and engulf millions of acres a year in fire. In turn, fires, more specifically large ones, emit enormous amounts of exhaust. In a study conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture, theShow MoreRelatedClimate Change : Causes And Effects934 Words   |  4 Pages Climate Change Paper Kaitlyn Yinger 4-17-15 Erin Reese Biology 122: 10:30-12:45 Climate Change What really causes climate change? Is it human cause or is a natural process that is happening? I think that us as humans contribute more to climate change then natural causes. 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Others argue that global warming is a natural occurrence and that human-produced carbon dioxide is re-absorbed by carbon sinks such as oceans and forests opposing any human impact toRead MoreEssay about Causes and Effects of Global Warming on Our World1498 Words   |  6 Pageslearned new and different facts about the process of Earth. Some causes and effects of global warming are easy to understand, with substantial evidence, yet there are still unanswered questions and reasoning as to why global warming is occurring. This essay is to ou tline the background of global warming and to display opposing viewpoints. Since there is not enough evidential research to connect global warming with natural factors, human activity, and its impacts, we might take advantage of its beneficial

Thomas Heilbroner s Twenty First Century Capitalism

Trying to understand the world that we live in today and where we are going in the future, as a nation, as a modern society, and as humans in general, we must look at the overarching structure or social order that created our present condition, capitalism. In order to understand capitalism, we must not only try to understand what capitalism really is, but realize that it is not solely composed of what is commonly connected with the term, economics. Rather, it is composed of varying social and political factors that make capitalism what it truly is. This view and analysis of capitalism is what Robert Heilbroner puts forth in his 1992 book, Twenty-First Century Capitalism, where he introduces the notion of the two realms of†¦show more content†¦4). And the way that these capitalist countries achieve this is through the organizing principle of capitalism, the market. That said, in the long history of societies, the market is a relatively new organizing principle, and it needed certain conditions to take hold. This was precipitated by the fall of the Roman Empire which was â€Å"crucial not only because the social order of the Empire was at every level incompatible with a capitalist order, but because its shattered ruins provided an extraordinary setting in which such an order would emerge—slowly, painfully, and without any sense of fulfilling a historic mission during the thousand-year period we call feudalism† (Ibid., p. 33). And although this millennium of history is much more complex than can be described here, basically the fall of the Roman Empire left Europe â€Å"without unifying law, currency, and government, broken into a crazy quilt of isolate and self-dependent towns, manorial estates, and petty fiefdoms† (Ibid., p. 34). And it was this very fragmentation of feudal life that made it possible for the transformation into a

Drug Addiction in the Philippines - 833 Words

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After I read the comments of these people, I have get the meaning of drugs, they all make you feel good but they all can lead to addiction and become very destructive habit in your life. Although they exist, I don’t know any responsible regular users of these drugs. Facts and Topic Concept * Impact on demand (2000-2012) (Souce:DEA) Teen drug use: It is estimated that more than 750,000 fewer teenagers used illicit drugs last year than 2000, a 17 percent decline. Marijuana: Current marijuana use by teens has dropped 7% Methamphetamine: Current methamphetamine use by teens has plummeted 67%. Ecstasy: Current use of Ecstasy has been slashed by 42% among teens. Cocaine: Current Cocaine use among highschool seniors dropped 48%, and crack cocaine use has decreased 40%. Steroids: Steroid use by teens has dropped by 44 percent. LSD: LSD use has dropped by an astounding 64 percent. 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The definition of drugRead MoreDrug Addiction2361 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is drug addiction? -Drug addiction is a complex  brain disease. It is characterized by compulsive, at times uncontrollable, drug craving, seeking, and use that persist even in the face of  extremely negative consequences. -Drug seeking becomes compulsive, in large part as a result of the effects of prolonged drug use on brain functioning and, thus, on behavior. For many people, drug addiction becomes chronic, with  relapses possible  even after long periods of abstinence. Drug addiction is a chronic

Mormonism †Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Free Essays

I. Introduction Mormons is the common name of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a Christian body to United States origin. The name is from the prophet Mormon, whose writings, members believe, form the sacred Book of Mormon. We will write a custom essay sample on Mormonism – Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints or any similar topic only for you Order Now The present-day church is descended from the persecuted sect that established a self-sufficient colony in the barren dessert of Utah in 1847. The Mormons still have their major strength in Utah, but have expanded into other sections of the country and have made converts in many foreign countries. Headquarters are in Salt Lake City, Utah (Davies, 2003). The purpose of this study is to: (1) know the history of Mormonism; (2) analyze the beliefs, practices, and organization of the movement from a biblical (Christian) perspective and; (3) explain the movement’s response to Biblical claims of Jesus Christ as well as why or why not I believe this group deserves the label of Contemporary Religious Movement (Cult). II. Background A. History Mormonism was founded by Joseph Smith (1805-1844), who lived as a youth near Palmyra, western New York. At 14 he began to have visions. In 1827, he announced that after revelation in 1823 he found golden plates with hieroglyphics, which he translated with divine aid and published as the Book of Mormon (1830). The golden plates were not made public, but 11 men testified that they had seen them. Smith founded the church in 1830 with sex members. The sect grew rapidly in numbers (â€Å"Interview of Martin Harris†). In 1831 the Mormons established their first temple in Kirtland, Ohio, near Cleveland, but the group suffered severe financial problems and lost many of its members.  Other Mormons settled in Independence, Missouri. Soon forced to move because of the hostility of their neighbors, they next founded the town of their neighbors, they next founded the town of Far West in Caldwell County. In 1838-39 they were driven out of Missouri because of religious prejudice and fear of Mormon political power. The refugees next settled in Commerce, Illinois, and renamed the town Nauvoo. Here on swampy land along the Mississippi the Mormons built an impressive city of about 20,000, then the largest city in Illinois. Again there was religious persecution and bitter strife over the growing political power of the Mormons. A new source of conflict was the doctrine of polygamy introduced by Joseph Smith. In 1844, Smith was murdered by a mob. Because of continued harassment by their neighbors, the Mormons abandoned Nauvoo in 1846 (â€Å"Mormonism’s History,† 2006). III. Discussion The Mormons believe their church is the true modern successor of the early church of Jesus Christ. The church’s aim â€Å"is to prepare the world, by the preaching of the restored gospel and the founding of the Latter-day Zion, for the Messiah’s second coming and the advent of the millennium. A. Beliefs The Mormons accept the Bible as sacred and look upon the Book of Mormon as equal to it in authority. But I strongly believe that there is no book in the world that would equal to the Bible, not even the Book of Mormons because this Scripture (Bible) is God-breathed as stated in second Timothy chapter 3 verse 16 â€Å"All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting, and training in righteousness.† This would mean that the writers of the Bible are inspired and anointed by the Spirit of God (Barlow, 1997). The Book of Mormons tells the history of an ancient band of Jewish exiles believed by Mormons to be the ancestors of the American Indians but the Bible is silent about it. Other books of scripture are the Doctrine and Covenants, a collection of revelations given through the founder, Joseph Smith; and the Pearl of Great Price, containing the writings-not found in the Bible-which Mormons believe are revelation of Abraham and Moses. Moreover, I contest that the church should not be under the beliefs of its founder but should be followed by the teachings of Jesus Christ, who is the head of the church. The Mormons believe in continuous revelation by God. Yes, I agree to it but the revelation must always be in the context of the Scripture; thus, anything that is not in the word of God is not of God. In addition, the Mormons believe that God the Father and his son Jesus Christ appeared to Joseph Smith. Individual members may receive revelations from God for the guidance of their own lives. But only one man at a time may receive revelations from God for the whole church, and he is the president of the whole church. Mormons emphasize faith in Jesus Christ and repentance for sins (Barlow, 1997). I disagree to what the Mormons believe because no one ever sees God. Even Moses and Abraham and other great men of God did not see him face to face because no one can stand in his presence for he is a Holy God. When God appeared to Moses, God showed himself in a form of burning bush and Moses trembled because of God’s presence. Moreover, God can do anything he wants to do because he is an omnipotent God. He can speak to different people at the same time. He doesn’t only reveal himself and speak to the leader of the church but also reveal himself and speak to us individually through the Holy Spirit and his words because God has no favoritism. B. Practices The Mormons baptize by immersion for the remission of sins and practice laying of hands for the gift of the Holy Spirit. Holy Communion is celebrated with bread and water. In the Bible, the remission of sin is through the blood of Jesus Christ. Water baptism is mentioned in the Bible but it simply signifies that you buried your old life and new life has waited for you. The Mormons have two practices exclusive with them: baptism for the dead and celestial marriage. Baptism for the dead is chiefly for ancestors not baptized as Mormons; a living person is baptized in proxy for the dead. A celestial marriage is one in which a couple is married under the authority of the priesthood in a Mormon temple and is â€Å"sealed for eternity† so that in the celestial kingdom the family the family relationship will be resumed. Marriages outside a temple are for life on earth only (Givens, 1997). From the 1840’s until 1890, Mormon doctrine permitted â€Å"plural marriage,† or polygamy. I would say that these teachings are not found and written in the Bible. Our marriage to our partner here on earth is only temporary. Mormon temples are used only for secret rites, primarily those of celestial marriage and baptism of the dead. They are open only to Mormons of good standing. Sunday services are held in local churches called ward halls, and non-Mormons are welcomed. Visitors may also enter the Tabernacle in Salt Lake City, which is used for conferences and concerts (Davies, 2003). Mormonism looks upon health as a spiritual value and bans the use of liquor, tobacco, coffee, and tea. Recreation is encouraged. There is emphasis on education and on work and thrift. The church operates a vast welfare program for its members who are in need, and it disapproves of public aid. Members support the church by tithing (giving one-tenth of their gross income).   On the other hand in the Bible, we are taught that our body is the temple of the Living God as stated in first Corinthians chapter 6 verses 19-20 that is why we should take care of our bodies because we need to glorify God—body, soul and Spirit. IV. Conclusion In conclusion, I will base my belief according to the word of God which is the  Bible so I would say that Mormonism or the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is a cult because it does not follow fully to the word of God. They have practices and beliefs which cannot be found in the Scripture. As I said earlier, anything that is not from the word of God is not of God. Though they may claim that they believe on Jesus Christ yet their practices are not in line the teachings of Jesus. Reference: 1. â€Å"Mormonism’s History†. CHRISTIAN APOLOGETICS AND RESEARCH   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MINISTRY.      http://www.carm.org/lds/beginning.htm   2006. 2. â€Å"Interview of Martin Harris.† https://user.xmission.com/~research/about/docum4.htm 3. Barlow, Philip L. (1997). Mormons and the Bible: The Place of the Latter-Day Saints in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American Religion. Oxford University Press. New York. 4. Davies, Douglas J. (2003). An Introduction to Mormonism. Cambridge University Press.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cambridge, England. 5. Givens, Terryl L. (1997). The Viper on the Hearth: Mormons, Myths, and the Construction of Heresy. Oxford University Press. New York How to cite Mormonism – Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Essay examples

System Analysis and Design Mobile Application

Question: Discuss about theSystem Analysis and Design for Mobile Application. Answer: Introduction: The Problem: In the health care set up, it is typically important to provide timely treatment or assistance to the patients. Furthermore, it is often noticed that the timely assistance can help the patient in the course of self-management of the diseases. Tele-health service has indentified that in most of the cases the patients find it difficult and inconvenient to execute an unplanned visit to the service delivery organizations. Hence, they are anticipating and planning to provide a better remote service delivery to the community based patients. Recently, the organization is using a tablet based web interface for the end-user of tele-health hardware and software in the homes. However, the organization has identified that most of their clients are living in the regional, rural and remote locations in the central west of NSW. Moreover, a huge number of the potential user of the service of this organization is the elderly population. They often find it difficult to operate the current interaction system of the organization as it involves a number of information as well as interactions (Giger et al., 2015). Moreover, this particular system is not easy for the elderly population to carry anywhere. Hence, the organization is planning to provide a better and handy solution to the end users of their service of remote health care and self-management of the health issues. Capabilities: The recent system is providing the end users an interface to monitor their own vital signs from home. However, in most of the cases, the users find it difficult to handle a tablet for this particular purpose. Hence, the following prospective systems or technologies can be utilized to provide the service of self-monitoring of the health statues of the patients by themselves: A Cloud-Based Mobile Application: To serve the purposes of remote health monitoring of the patients, a cloud-based mobile application can be used. It will be a handy solution for everyone. The organization need to focus on the clarity or simplicity of the application. The current application or software takes time to be loaded (Adibi, 2015). Using a mobile-based application will eliminate this particular problem and the users will be able to operate in lesser time. As opined by Yang et al., (2015) it is important for the health applications to be light and easy to load as time is an important issue in the health care setup. A GsmBased Wireless Human Health Monitor: It will have three distinct parts with three different tasks. These are the sensors for heartbeat, temperature and transmitter and receiver. Here, the data will be transmitted via GSM modem or SMS (Rodgers et al., 2015). The receiver will be at the doctor or the health care managements place. It can be Smart Watch. Video Conferencing Via Mobile: This particular application can be helpful for the users, as it will help them in directly connecting to the consultants. Via this technology the patients can chat with the consultant, provide, and receive required data and information to the competent person (Adibi, 2015). This particular interface will not include various directions. The patient or the user only needs to connect to the consultant and talk to them via video call. Benefits: The particular technology of GSM based wireless human health monitor will be helpful for bridging the gap between the consultant and the patient. It will also be helpful in community-based patient care to enhance the capacity of nurses to deliver medications management for clients. As opined by Evans et al., (2016) the technologies for remote health monitoring need to be easy to be operated. These above recommended applications can be useful in this regard. These particular technologies will also serve the issue of serving the rural and elderly population in particular. As opined by Giger et al., (2015) the remote health monitoring applications are needed to be multipurpose so that the overall conditions of the patient or the user can be measured at once. In addition to this, as mentioned by Bisio et al., (2015) for the remote health monitoring systems it is required to be low in installation cost. The above discussed applications or technologies will be low in cost. Moreover, these technologies will fulfill the objective of the organization, i.e. providing a home based health care service to the potential users. Furthermore, the user himself can use these applications. Thus, it will increase the knowledge and awareness of the patient about himself and the self-management of his physical issues. These technologies will also be helpful for the patients who are less educated and not so aware of the recent technological advancement. References: Adibi, S. ed., 2015.Mobile health: a technology road map(Vol. 5). Springer. Bisio, I., Lavagetto, F., Marchese, M., Sciarrone, A. (2015). A smartphone centric platform for remote health monitoring of heart failure.International Journal of Communication Systems,28(11), 1753-1771. Evans, J., Papadopoulos, A., Silvers, C. T., Charness, N., Boot, W. R., Schlachta-Fairchild, L., ... Ent, C. B. (2016). Remote health monitoring for older adults and those with heart failure: Adherence and system usability.Telemedicine and e-Health,22(6), 480-488. Giger, J. T., Pope, N. D., Vogt, H. B., Gutierrez, C., Newland, L. A., Lemke, J., Lawler, M. J. (2015). Remote patient monitoring acceptance trends among older adults residing in a frontier state.Computers in Human Behavior,44, 174-182. Rodgers, M. M., Pai, V. M., Conroy, R. S. (2015). Recent advances in wearable sensors for health monitoring.IEEE Sensors Journal,15(6), 3119-3126. Yang, H., Kim, H., Mtonga, K. (2015). An efficient privacy-preserving authentication scheme with adaptive key evolution in remote health monitoring system.Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications,8(6), 1059-1069.